[Because this decision is so important to a convention
call, FOAVC presents in its entirety, with colored
highlights noting the most important sections.]
248 U.S. 276
MISSOURI PAC. RY. CO.
v.
STATE OF KANSAS.
No. 14.
Submitted Nov. 13, 1918.
Decided Jan. 7, 1919.
Messrs. William P. Waggener and B. P.
Waggener, both of Atchison, Kan ., for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. James P. Coleman, of Topeka,
Kan., and Wayne B. Wheeler, of Washington, D. C., for the State of Kansas.
Mr. Chief Justice WHITE delivered the
opinion of the Court.
To avoid penalties sought to be
imposed upon it for illegally carrying intoxicating liquors from another state
into Kansas, the defendant railroad, plaintiff in error, asserted as follows:
(1) That the state law was void as an attempt by the state to regulate commerce
and thus usurp the authority alone possessed by Congress; (2) that if such
result was sought to be avoided because of power seemingly conferred upon the
state by the act of Congress known as the Webb-Kenyon Law (Act March 1, 1913,
c. 90, 37 Stat. 699 [Comp. St. 1916, 8739]), such act was void for repugnancy
to the Constitution of the United States because in excess of the power of
Congress to regulate commerce and as a usurpation of rights reserved by the
Constitution to the states; (3) because, even if the
Webb-Kenyon Law was held not to be repugnant to the Constitution for the
reasons stated, nevertheless, that assumed law afforded no basis for the
exertion of the state power in question, because it had never been enacted by
Congress conformably to the Constitution, and therefore, in legal intendment,
must be treated as nonexisting.
It is conceded that the ruling of this
court, sustaining the Webb- Kenyon Law as a valid exercise by Congress of its
power to regulate commerce (Clark Distilling Co. v. Western Maryland Ry. Co., 242
U.S. 311, 325 , 37 S. Sup. Ct. 180, L. R. A. 1917B, 1218, Ann. Cas. 1917B,
845), disposes of the first two contentions and leaves only the third for
consideration. In fact, in argument it is admitted that such question alone is
relied upon.
The proposition is this, that as the
provision of the Constitution exacting a two-thirds vote of each house to pass
a bill over a veto means a two-thirds vote, not of a quorum of each house, but
of all the members of the body, the Webb-Kenyon Act was never enacted into law,
because after its veto by the President it received in the Senate only a
two-thirds vote of the Senators present (a quorum), which was less than
two-thirds of all the members elected to and entitled to sit in that body.
Granting the premise of
fact as to what the face of the journal disclosed, and assuming for the sake of
the argument (Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107, 143 , 31 S. Sup.
Ct. 342, Ann. Cas. 1912B, 1312; Rainey v. United States, 232 U.S. 310, 317 , 34
S. Sup. Ct. 429) that the resulting question would be justiciable,
we might adversely dispose of it by merely referring to the
practice to the contrary which has prevailed from the beginning. In view,
however, of the importance of the subject, and with the purpose not to leave
unnoticed the grave misconceptions involved in the arguments by which the
proposition relied upon is sought to be supported, we come briefly to dispose
of the subject.
The proposition concerns clause 2 of
section 7 of article 1 of the Constitution, providing that in case a bill
passed by Congress is disapproved by the President--
'... he shall return it, with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two- thirds of that house, it shall become a law. ...'
The extent of the vote
exacted being certain, the question depends upon the significance of the words
'that house'; that is, whether those words relate to the two houses by which
the bill was passed and upon which full legislative power is conferred by the Constitution
in case of the presence of a quorum (a majority of the members of each house;
section 5, art. 1); or whether they refer to a body which must be assumed to
embrace, not a majority, but all its members for the purpose of estimating the
two- thirds vote required. As the context leaves no doubt that
the provision was dealing with the two houses as organized and entitled to
exert legislative power, it follows that to state the contention is to
adversely dispose of it.
But, in addition, the
erroneous assumption upon which the contention proceeds is plainly demonstrated
by a consideration of the course of proceedings in the convention which framed
the Constitution, since, as pointed out by Curtis (History of the
Constitution, vol. 2, p. 267 note), it appears from
those proceedings that the veto provision as originally offered was changed
into the form in which it now stands after the adoption of the article fixing
the quorum of the two houses for the purpose of exerting legislative power and
with the object of giving the power to override a veto to the bodies as thus
organized. A further confirmation of this view is afforded by the fact that
there is no indication in the Constitutions and laws of the several states
existing before the Constitution of the United States was framed that it was
deemed that the legislative body which had power to pass a bill over a veto was
any other than the legislative body organized conformably to law for the
purpose of enacting legislation, and hence that the majority fixed as necessary
to override a veto was the required majority of the body in whom the power to
legislate was lodged. Indeed, the absolute
identity between the body having authority to pass legislation and the body
having the power in case of a veto to override it was clearly shown by the
Constitution of New York, since that Constitution, in providing for the
exercise of the right to veto by the council, directed that the objections to
the bill be transmitted for reconsideration to the Senate or House in which it
originated. 'but if, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the
Senate or House of Assembly shall, notwithstanding such objections, agree to
pass the same, it shall be ... sent to the other branch of the Legislature,
where it shall also be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of the
members, present, shall be a law,' thus identifying
the bodies embraced by the words 'Senate' and 'House' and definitely fixing the
two-thirds majority required in each as two-thirds of the members present.
The identity between the
provision of article 5 of the Constitution, giving the power by a two-thirds
vote to submit amendments, and the requirements we are considering as to the
two-thirds vote necessary to override a veto makes the practice as to the one
applicable to the other.
At the first session of the first
Congress in 1789 a consideration of the provision authorizing the submission of
amendments necessarily arose in the submission by Congress of the First ten
amendments to the Constitution embodying a bill of rights. They were all
adopted and submitted by each house organized as a legislative body pursuant to
the Constitution, by less that the vote which would have been necessary had the
constitutional provision been given the significance now attributed to it.
Indeed, the resolutions by which the action of the two houses was recorded
demonstrate that they were formulated with the purpose of refuting the
contention now made. The Senate Record was as follows:
'Resolved: That the Senate do concur in the resolve of the House of Representatives on 'articles to be proposed to the Legislatures of the states as amendments to the Constitution of the United States,' with amendments; two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein.' 1st Cong. (1st Sess.) September 9, 1789, Senate Journal, 77.
And the course of action in the House
and the record made in that body is shown by a message from the House to the
Senate which was spread on the Senate Journal as follows:
'A message from the House of Representatives. Mr. Beckley, their clerk, brought up a resolve of the House of this date, to agree to the ... amendments proposed by the Senate to 'Articles of amendment to be proposed to the Legislatures of the several states as amendments to the Constitution of the United States,' ... ; two- thirds of the members present concurring on each vote. ...' 1st Cong. (1st Sess.) Sept. 21, 1789, Senate Journal, 83.
When it is considered that
the chairman of the committee in charge of the amendments for the House was Mr.
Madison, and that both branches of Congress contained many members who had
participated in the deliberations of the convention or in the proceedings which
led to the ratification of the Constitution, and that the whole subject was
necessarily vividly present in the minds of those who dealt with it, the
convincing effect of the action cannot be overstated.
But
this is not all, for the Journal of the Senate contains further evidence that
the character of the two-thirds vote exacted by the Constitution (that is,
two-thirds of a quorum) could not have been overlooked, since that Journal
shows that at the very time the amendments just referred to were under
consideration there were also pending other proposed amendments, dealing with
the treaty and lawmaking power. Those concerning the treaty-making power
provided that a two-thirds vote of all the members (instead of that proportion
of a quorum) should be necessary to ratify a treaty dealing with enumerated
subjects, and exacted even a larger proportionate vote of all the members in
order to ratify a treaty dealing with other mentioned subjects; and those
dealing with the lawmaking power required that a two-thirds (instead of a
majority) vote of a quorum should be necessary to pass a law concerning
specified subjects.
The construction which was
thus given to the Constitution in dealing with a matter of such vast
importance, and which was necessarily sanctioned by the states and all the
people, has governed as to every amendment to the Constitution submitted from
that day to this. This is not disputed, and we need not stop to refer to the
precedents demonstrating its accuracy. The settled rule, however, was so
clearly and aptly stated by the Speaker, Mr. Reed, in the House, on the passage
in 1898 of the amendment to the Constitution providing for the election of
Senators by vote of the people, that we quote it. The ruling was made under
these circumstances: When the vote was announced, yeas, 184, and nays, 11, in
reply to an inquiry from the floor as to whether such vote was a compliance
with the two-thirds rule fixed by the Constitution, as it did not constitute a
two-thirds vote of all the members elected, the speaker said:
'The question is one that has been so often decided that it seems hardly necessary to dwell upon it. The provision of the Constitution says 'two-thirds of both houses.' What constitutes a house? A quorum of the membership, a majority, one-half and one more. That is all that is necessary to constitute a house to do all the business that comes before the House. Among the business that comes before the House is the reconsideration of a bill which has been vetoed by the President; another is a proposed amendment to the Constitution; and the practice is uniform in both cases that if a quorum of the House is present the House is constituted, and two- thirds of those voting are sufficient in order to accomplish the object. ...' 5 Hinds' Precedents of the House of Representatives, pp. 1009-1010.
This occurrence
demonstrates that there is no ground for saying that the adherence to the
practice settled in both houses in 1789 resulted from a mere blind application
of an existing rule, a conclusion which is also clearly manifested, as to the
Senate, by proceedings in that body in 1861 where, on the passage of a pending
amendment to the Constitution, as the result of an inquiry made by Mr. Trumbull
relative to the vote required to pass it, it was determined by the Senate by a
vote of 33 to 1 that two- thirds of a quorum only was essential.
36 Cong. (2d Sess.) March 2, 1861, Senate Journal, 383.
In consequence of the
identity in principle between the rule applicable to amendments to the
Constitution and that controlling in passing a bill over a veto, the rule of
two-thirds of a quorum has been universally applied as to the two-thirds vote
essential to pass a bill over a veto. In passing from the subject, however,
we again direct attention to the fact that in both cases the continued application
of the rule was the result of no mere formal following of what had gone before
but came from conviction expressed, after deliberation, as to its correctness
by many illustrious men.
While there is no decision
of this court covering the subject, in the state courts of last resort the
question has arisen and been passed upon, resulting in every case in the
recognition of the principle that, in the absence of an express command to the
contrary, the two-thirds vote of the house required to pass a bill over a veto
is the two-thirds of a quorum of the body as empowered to perform other
legislative duties. Warehouse v. McIntoch, 1 Ala. App. 407, 56 South. 102;
State v. McBride, 4 Mo. 303, 29 Am. Dec. 636; Southworth v. Railroad, 2 Mich.
287; Smith v. Jennings, 67 S. C. 324, 45 S. E. 821; Green v. Weller, 32 Miss.
650.
We say that the decisions have been without
difference, for the insistence that the ruling in Minnesota ex rel. Eastland v.
Gould, 31 Minn. 189, 17 N. W. 276, is to the contrary is a wholly mistaken one,
since the decision in that case was that, as the state Constitution required a
vote of the majority of all the members elected to the house to pass a law, the
two- thirds vote necessary to override a veto was a two-thirds vote of the same
body.
Any further consideration of the
subject is unnecessary, and our order must be, and is,
Judgment affirmed.